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Book
Wie der Mensch seine Welt neu erschaffen hat
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ISBN: 3642347630 Year: 2013 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer Spektrum,

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„Wissenschaft wird von Menschen gemacht“ Dieses Zitat des Physikers und Humanisten Werner Heisenberg bildet den Auftakt zu Ernst Peter Fischers Buch über die „neue Erschaffung der Welt“. Ein kurzer und einprägsamer Satz, der treffend formuliert, wie die Naturforscher mit ihren naturwissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Erträgen schon immer die Welt und damit das Leben bis in die heutige Zeit hinein geprägt und praktisch gestaltet haben. Doch der Satz mutet so einfach, so selbstverständlich an, dass er heute kaum noch zur Kenntnis oder gar ernst genommen wird, wie Fischer in diesem Buch eindrücklich darstellt. Er schreibt: „Tatsächlich ist es so, dass sich europäische Gesellschaften – nicht zuletzt die deutsche – im frühen 21. Jahrhundert nahezu vollständig in Abhängigkeit von wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritten − etwa bei der Ressourcennutzung, der Energiegewinnung, der Krankenversorgung oder der Kommunikation − entfaltet haben. Und ihre Geschichte kann man nur verstehen, wenn man die dazugehörige Dynamik berücksichtigt, wenn man also die Geschichte der Wissenschaften und der mit ihren Kenntnissen möglich gewordene Technik zur Kenntnis nimmt, die im frühen 17. Jahrhundert begonnen und den europäischen Sonderweg zum Wohlstand bereitet hat, den viele Millionen Menschen ganz selbstverständlich in wachsender Zahl genießen, ohne zu fragen, woher er kommt und welchen Ideen sie ihn zu verdanken haben.“ Die Geschichte der Wissenschaften, die sich der Natur in methodischer Weise zuwenden und ihre Gesetzmäßigkeiten zum Nutzen der Menschen erkunden, wird in diesem Buch wie im Vogelflug betrachtet. Ernst Peter Fischer erhellt nicht nur Zusammenhänge, sondern verschafft einen umfassenden Überblick. Er betrachtet ausgewählte Details, stellt die Gedanken und Erkenntnisse einzelner Forscher in den Kontext ihrer jeweiligen Zeit und zeigt, wie sie nach und nach zu einem Wandel der Geschichte der Menschheit geführt haben. Zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts kommt es zu dem, was Historiker als „Die Geburt der modernen Wissenschaft“ in Europa bezeichnen. Diese Phase ist mit Namen wie Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei oder René Descartes verbunden. Man spricht auch von einer wissenschaftlichen Revolution, die ihre Wirkung bis in die Gegenwart hinein entfaltet. Das Buch beschreibt auch, wie das Entstehen der unterschiedlichen Disziplinen − etwa der Physik, der Chemie oder der Biologie − zu diesem Wandel beigetragen hat. Fischer versucht dabei stets, die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft vor dem Hintergrund der allgemeinen Geschichte zu sehen, um zu fragen, wie sich beide gegenseitig beeinflussen und bedingen. Inwiefern hängen wissenschaftliche Ideen, wie etwa die der Evolution, von den soziopolitischen Verhältnissen ab, die bei ihrer Entstehung herrschten? Und wie reagieren Gesellschaften auf wissenschaftlich-technische Fortschritte?  .


Book
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Astronomy : A Modern History
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ISBN: 3031461134 Year: 2023 Publisher: Cham, Switzerland : Springer Nature Switzerland AG,

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Astronomy is a field concerned with matters very distant from Earth. Most phenomena, whether observed or theorized, transcend human spaces and timescales by orders of magnitude. Yet, many scientists have been interested not just in the events that have occurred millennia before Earth's inception, but also in their very own society here and now. Since the first half of the twentieth century, an increasing number of them have pursued parallel careers as both academics and activists. Besides publishing peer-reviewed papers, they have promoted a great variety of underrepresented groups within their discipline. Through conferences, newsletters and social media, they have sought to advance the interests of women, members of racial and ethnic minorities, LGBTQ+, and disabled people. While these activists have differed in the identities they focus on, they have come to share a conviction that diversity and inclusion are crucial for scientific excellence as well as social justice. In this book, you will read of the biographies and institutional contexts of key agents in the diversification of modern astronomy. As most are recent figures whose discoveries have not been commemorated by Nobel Prizes, they are relatively unknown among historians of science. They have, however, been central to discussions about who has privileged access to the tools of astronomical inquiry, including powerful telescopes and extensive databases. As such, they have also significantly shaped views of our universe.


Book
Walking with Christiaan Huygens : From Archimedes' Influence to Unsung Contributions in Modern Science
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ISBN: 9783031461583 3031461584 Year: 2024 Publisher: Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland : Imprint: Springer,

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Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) left an indelible mark on the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, and geophysics. Despite his groundbreaking contributions, history has often overlooked his pivotal role. While two of the most famous achievements in physics are Newton’s theory of gravity and Einstein’s general theory of relativity, less well-known is that Huygens provided central elements to these theories. This book stands to correct that deficit. For example, we show how Huygens used symmetry arguments to derive conservation laws for momentum and for energy, and what Einstein later called the principle of equivalence to derive the formula for centrifugal force. In 1689, Huygens visited Newton. Together, they walked the streets of London. Newton had recently finished his masterpiece, Principia, expounding his laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. Huygens had essentially completed his life’s work by then, building on Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Descartes, Fermat, Pascal and his own ingenuity. He had established fame as an instrument maker (telescope, pendulum clock, planetarium). He had invented the 31 tone system. He had pioneered the first principles of remote sensing. He had discovered the rings of Saturn. He had formulated the wave theory of light. What would walking with Christiaan reveal? This book gives the result in nine chapters, namely: spontaneous order, the speed of light, Huygens’ principle, the telescope, the pendulum clock, Huygens-Fresnel principle, special relativity, centrifugal force, and curvature. In addition, there is a chapter titled What Huygens could have written on diffraction, and a chapter titled Huygens and Geophysics. Mentally walking with Christiaan, browsing his collected works — a true treasure trove for puzzle enthusiasts — and rethinking his ideas creates a vivid impression of scientific life in the 17th century, an appreciation that it is remarkably similar to ours, and an understanding of Huygens' significant and lasting contributions to science.


Book
Geschichte und Theorie der Supraleiter : Eine kompakte Einführung
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ISBN: 3658193832 Year: 2017 Publisher: Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden : Imprint: Springer Spektrum,

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Übersichtlich und kompakt stellt Rudolf P. Huebener das Forschungsgebiet der Supraleitung vor. Er schildert anschaulich, wie sich dieser Bereich seit Entdeckung der Supraleitung vor über 100 Jahren in viele Richtungen sehr lebendig entwickelt hat. Dies betrifft die Materialien, Experimente zu den physikalischen Grundlagen, das theoretische Verständnis sowie die technischen Anwendungen. Unter anderem geht das essential auf den Meissner-Ochsenfeld-Effekt, die magnetische Fluss-Quantisierung, den Josephson-Effekt, die BCS-Theorie sowie die Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung ein.    Der Inhalt  Die Entdeckung der Supraleitung Magnetische Eindringtiefe, Kohärenzlänge und London-Theorie Typ-II-Supraleitung und das Abrikosov-Vortex-Gitter  Kuprat-Supraleiter und Eisen-Pniktide Technische Anwendungen Die Zielgruppen  Studierende und Doz ierende der Physik, der Ingenieurwissenschaften und der Elektrotechnik    Schüler und Schülerinnen sowie interessierte Laien Der Autor Prof. em. Rudolf P. Huebener war als Physiker an verschiedenen Forschungszentren und -instituten in Deutschland und den USA tätig. Er lehrte und forschte von 1974 bis zu seiner Emeritierung im Jahr 1999 an der Universität Tübingen.


Book
Lichtquanten : Die Geschichte des komplexen Konzepts und mentalen Modells von Photonen
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ISBN: 3662552736 Year: 2017 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer Spektrum,

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Dieses Buch beschäftigt sich mit der Entstehungsgeschichte des komplexen Konzeptes des Photons aus wissenschaftshistorischer, kognitionspsychologischer und naturwissenschaftlicher Sicht. Dabei werden unter anderem sechs verschiedene mentale Modelle des Lichtquantums bzw. Photons diskutiert und der Bogen vom Teilchenmodell Newtons, dem Singularitätsmodell Einsteins und Bohrs bis zum modernen Konzept der Quantisierung des elektromagnetischen Feldes in der Quantenelektrodynamik gespannt. Der Autor beschäftigt sich zuerst mit der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Photons innerhalb der modernen Physik ab 1900, bevor er die zwölf semantischen Bedeutungsschichten des Photons ausgehend vom Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts präsentiert. Anschließend werden die mentalen Modelle im Laufe der Geschichte bis zur Moderne beschrieben und diskutiert und das heutige Modell des Photons besprochen. Das Buch richtet sich sowohl an Naturwissenschaftler mit physikalischem Hintergrund als auch an Wissenschaftshistoriker und Andere, die sich mit der Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte von Konzepten auseinandersetzen. Der Autor Klaus Hentschel ist Lehrstuhlinhaber für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und Technik an der Universität Stuttgart. Nach einem Diplom in Hochenergiephysik in Hamburg wurde er über frühe (Fehl)Interpretationen der Relativitätstheorie durch Philosophen promoviert, habilitierte sich über das Wechselspiel von Instrumentenbau, Experimentierpraxis und Theoriebildung in der Astrophysik und verfasste 10 Bücher, u. a. über den Einstein-Turm, Spektroskopie-Geschichte und visuelle Wissenschaftskulturen.


Book
Beams : The Story of Particle Accelerators and the Science They Discover
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ISBN: 9783031518522 3031518527 Year: 2024 Publisher: Cham, Switzerland : Springer,

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This book describes and explains the world of particle accelerators and the physics they study. The presentation is non-technical (E=mc2 is the only equation!) and the prose accessible. By following the co-evolution of particle accelerators and particle physics, readers will learn why the accelerators are built, how they work, and what "results" they produce. The book highlights the great ideas (e.g. synchrotron) and technological advances (superconducting magnets) that boosted the potential of accelerators and led to new discoveries, eventually resulting in the standard model of particle physics. Many concepts are illustrated with figures derived from three-dimensional models; these include the accelerators, detectors, and particles. Background information about the main protagonists, along with pointers to further reading, e.g. from "Scientific American," are provided in end notes.


Book
StarWords : The Celestial Roots of Modern Language
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ISBN: 303149024X Year: 2024 Publisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,

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Unbeknownst to many, our modern language contains countless words that were inspired by human observations of the cosmos. We now use words like “zenith”, “Monday”, “disaster”, “dog days”, “starfish”, “lunatic”, flu, and so many others, without a second thought for their celestial roots. Famous French astrophysicist Daniel Kunth invites you on a linguistic and scientific journey through space and time to explore these forgotten origins. You will be astonished to rediscover cosmic language hidden in plain sight through this wonderful collection of historical and cultural stories, famous idioms and delightful puns, along with the real science behind each one. Elena Terlevich is a well known professional astronomer working at INAOE in Mexico, an honorary Professor at La Plata University in Argentina and a regular visitor at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge (UK). Requiring no prior knowledge in astronomy or linguistics, this book’s universal contents invite the reader to ponder how our observations of the night sky have shaped our modern tongue and customs.


Book
Poincaré, Einstein and the Discovery of Special Relativity : An End to the Controversy
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ISBN: 3031513878 Year: 2024 Publisher: Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland : Imprint: Springer,

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1905 is probably the best-known year in physics, since it was the year of the discovery of the special theory of relativity. For decades, historiography has told us that Albert Einstein, then a patent examiner in Bern, succeeded in developing this theory on his own, overcoming all the difficulties that the greatest scientists of his time had not been able to solve. However, some have pointed out that, before Einstein’s first publication in this field, the French mathematician and physicist Henri Poincaré had obtained the same results, which he had published several months before Einstein. Yet today, this theory is known as Einstein’s special theory of relativity. Thus, considering the indisputable anteriority of Poincaré’s contributions, there is only one real question that needs to be answered: Why didn’t Poincaré claim the authorship of special theory of relativity? After recapping on the ideas and concepts of the special theory of relativity in a manner accessible to non-specialists and recalling the historical context of the discovery of this theory, we will answer this question and thus put finally an end to this long-running controversy.


Book
How Energy Considerations Have Shaped Our Fundamental Modern Theories of Physics : Theory and Key Historical Moments
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ISBN: 9783031511998 3031511999 Year: 2024 Publisher: Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland : Imprint: Springer,

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At long last, with sufficient technical details, emphasizing key historical moments, a book that develops all of fundamental modern theoretical physics from energy considerations in a compact form. Starting with a few electron-volts of atoms in the quantum world at low energies extending up to quantum gravity and beyond to the birth of the Universe, readers will experience the entire spectrum of fundamental modern theoretical physics, with one theory leading to another in an integrated unified manner. Energy considerations lead to the development of special and general relativity, quantum field theory, renormalization theory, modern quantum electrodynamics, electro-weak theory, the standard model of particle physics, grand unified theories, string theory, the current standard model of inflationary big bang theory, and even to the birth of the Higgs field, and in developments of quantum gravity. Unfortunately, due to strong specialization within their fields, students and many practicing physicists are exposed only to parts of the beautiful story of modern fundamental physics. Here the entire story is told! This is a must-read book for graduate students, advanced undergraduate students, instructors and professionals who are interested in all aspects of fundamental modern theoretical physics and key historical moments in its development.


Book
Catalog of unconfirmed comets.
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ISBN: 3031231716 3031231708 Year: 2023 Publisher: Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer,

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This catalog is the first in-depth investigation of comets that were reported since the 17th century, but not confirmed and subsequently lost. Volume I of this two-volume work covers objects observed between 1600 and 1899, a period that was dominated by visual observations and was experiencing a rapid evolution in science. The book uniquely combines the history and culture of comet hunting and discovery with modern tools of orbital mechanics to present a wholesome catalog of unconfirmed and suspected comets. Each case includes a presentation of the observations, a discussion about the observer (when possible), consideration of the historic context, and a conclusion as to the nature of the object. In most cases, the book presents material from original sources, including some never before published that were acquired from observatories, libraries, and historical societies around the world. Although some of these unconfirmed comets turned out to be misidentifications of planets or star clusters, fabrications, or poor observations of comets that were already being observed, the Authors did identify many objects that were likely real comets. In some cases, the Authors were even able to derive orbits for the first time. These observations may be valuable in the future, as they could prove to be observations of periodic comets still to be discovered. .

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